2. Dutiyavaggo

11-13.Dutiyavaggepi paṭhamādīni tīṇi suttāni vuttanayāneva, tathā desanākāraṇampi vuttameva.

14.Catutthe – ‘‘nāhaṃ, bhikkhave’’tiādīsu na-kāro paṭisedhattho. Ahanti bhagavā attānaṃ niddisati. Aññanti idāni vattabbaavijjānīvaraṇato aññaṃ. Ekanīvaraṇampīti ekanīvaraṇadhammampi. Samanupassāmīti dve samanupassanā – diṭṭhisamanupassanā ca ñāṇasamanupassanā ca. Tattha ‘‘rūpaṃ attato samanupassatī’’tiādinā (a. ni. 4.200; paṭi. ma. 1.130) āgatā ayaṃ diṭṭhisamanupassanā nāma. ‘‘Aniccato samanupassati, no niccato’’tiādinā (paṭi. ma. 3.35) pana āgatā ayaṃ ñāṇasamanupassanā nāma. Idhāpi ñāṇasamanupassanāva adhippetā. ‘‘Samanupassāmī’’ti ca padassa na-kārena sambandho. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – ‘‘ahaṃ, bhikkhave, sabbaññutaññāṇasaṅkhātena samantacakkhunā sabbadhamme hatthāmalakaṃ viya olokentopi aññaṃ ekanīvaraṇampi na samanupassāmī’’ti.

Yena nīvaraṇena nivutā pajā dīgharattaṃ sandhāvanti saṃsarantīti yena nīvaraṇakasabhāvattā nīvaraṇena dhammasabhāvaṃ jānituṃ passituṃ paṭivijjhituṃ adatvā chādetvā pariyonandhitvā ṭhānena andhakārena nivutā sattā anādimatasaṃsāre aparimāṇe kappe mahantesu ceva khuddakesu ca bhavādīsu aparāparuppattivasena sabbato dhāvanti ceva saṃsaranti, ca. Ārammaṇantarasaṅkamanavasena vā sandhāvanaṃ, bhavantarasaṅkamanavasena saṃsaraṇaṃ. Kilesānaṃ balavabhāvena vā sandhāvanaṃ, dubbalabhāvena saṃsaraṇaṃ. Khaṇikamaraṇavasena vā ekajātiyaṃ sandhāvanaṃ, vohāramaraṇavasena anekāsu jātīsu saṃsaraṇaṃ. Cittavasena vā sandhāvanaṃ, ‘‘cittamassa vidhāvatī’’ti hi vuttaṃ, kammavasena saṃsaraṇaṃ. Evaṃ sandhāvanasaṃsaraṇānaṃ viseso veditabbo.

Yathayidanti yathā idaṃ. Ya-kāro padasandhikaro, sandhivasena rassattaṃ. Avijjānīvaraṇanti ettha pūretuṃ ayuttaṭṭhena kāyaduccaritādi avindiyaṃ nāma, aladdhabbanti attho. Taṃ avindiyaṃ vindatīti avijjā. Viparītato kāyasucaritādi vindiyaṃ nāma, taṃ vindiyaṃ na vindatīti avijjā. Khandhānaṃ rāsaṭṭhaṃ, āyatanānaṃ āyatanaṭṭhaṃ, dhātūnaṃ suññaṭṭhaṃ, indriyānaṃ ādhipateyyaṭṭhaṃ, saccānaṃ tathaṭṭhaṃ dukkhādīnaṃ pīḷanādivasena vuttaṃ catubbidhaṃ atthaṃ aviditaṃ karotītipi avijjā. Antavirahite saṃsāre satte javāpetīti vā avijjā, paramatthato vā avijjamānesu itthipurisādīsu javati pavattati, vijjamānesu khandhādīsu na javati, na pavattatīti avijjā. Apica cakkhuviññāṇādīnaṃ vatthārammaṇānaṃ paṭiccasamuppādapaṭiccasamuppannānañca dhammānaṃ chādanatopi avijjā. Avijjāva nīvaraṇanti avijjānīvaraṇaṃ.

Avijjānīvaraṇena hi, bhikkhave, nivutā pajā dīgharattaṃ sandhāvanti saṃsarantīti idaṃ purimasseva daḷhīkaraṇatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Purimaṃ vā – ‘‘yathayidaṃ, bhikkhave, avijjānīvaraṇa’’nti evaṃ opammadassanavasena vuttaṃ, idaṃ nīvaraṇānubhāvadassanavasena. Kasmā panettha avijjāva evaṃ vuttā, na aññe dhammāti? Ādīnavapaṭicchādanena kāmacchandādīnaṃ visesappaccayabhāvato. Tathā hi tāya paṭicchāditādīnave visaye kāmacchandādayo pavattanti.

Natthaññoti ādikā gāthā vuttassa avuttassa ca atthassa saṅgaṇhanavasena bhāsitā. Tattha nivutāti nivāritā paliguṇṭhitā, paṭicchāditāti attho. Ahorattanti divā ceva rattiñca, sabbakālanti vuttaṃ hoti. Yathā mohena āvutāti yena pakārena avijjānīvaraṇasaṅkhātena mohena āvutā paṭicchāditā suviññeyyampi ajānantiyo pajā saṃsāre saṃsaranti, tathārūpo añño ekadhammopi ekanīvaraṇampi natthīti yojetabbaṃ. Ye ca mohaṃ pahantvāna, tamokhandhaṃ padālayunti ye pana ariyasāvakā pubbabhāge tadaṅgādippahānavasena, heṭṭhimamaggehi vā taṃtaṃmaggavajjhaṃ mohaṃ pajahitvā aggamaggena vajirūpamañāṇena mohasaṅkhātameva tamorāsiṃ padālayiṃsu, anavasesato samucchindiṃsu. Na te puna saṃsarantīti te arahanto –

‘‘Khandhānañca paṭipāṭi, dhātuāyatanāna ca;

Abbocchinnaṃ vattamānā, saṃsāroti pavuccatī’’ti. –

Evaṃ vutte imasmiṃ saṃsāre na saṃsaranti na paribbhamanti. Kiṃ kāraṇā? Hetu tesaṃ na vijjati, yasmā saṃsārassa hetu mūlakāraṇaṃ avijjā, sā tesaṃ na vijjati, sabbaso natthi samucchinnattāti.

15.Pañcame yassa vijjati, taṃ puggalaṃ dukkhehi, kammaṃ vā vipākehi, bhavayonigativiññāṇaṭṭhitisattāvāse vā bhavantarādīhi saṃyojetīti saṃyojanaṃ. Taṇhāyanaṭṭhena taṇhā, tasati sayaṃ paritasati, tasanti vā etāyāti taṇhā. Saññuttāti cakkhādīsu abhinivesavatthūsu baddhā. Sesaṃ vuttanayameva. Kāmañcettha avijjāyapi saṃyojanabhāvo taṇhāya ca nīvaraṇabhāvo atthiyeva, tathāpi avijjāya paṭicchāditādīnavehi bhavehi taṇhā satte saṃyojetīti imassa visesassa dassanatthaṃ purimasutte avijjā nīvaraṇabhāvena, idha ca taṇhā saṃyojanabhāveneva vuttā. Kiñca nīvaraṇasaṃyojanappadhānassa dassanatthaṃ. Yathā hi nīvaraṇabhāvena avijjā saṃkilesadhammānaṃ padhānabhūtā pubbaṅgamā ca, evaṃ saṃyojanabhāvena nesaṃ taṇhāti tadadhīnappadhānabhāvaṃ dassetuṃ suttadvaye evamete dhammā vuttā. Apica visesena avijjā nibbānasukhaṃ nivāretīti ‘‘nīvaraṇa’’nti vuttā, taṇhā saṃsāradukkhena satte saṃyojetīti ‘‘saṃyojana’’nti.

Dassanagamanantarāyakaraṇato vā vijjācaraṇavipakkhato dvayaṃ dvidhā vuttaṃ. Vijjāya hi ujuvipaccanīkabhūtā avijjā nibbānadassanassa aviparītadassanassa ca visesato antarāyakarā, caraṇadhammānaṃ ujuvipaccanīkabhūtā taṇhā gamanassa sammāpaṭipattiyā antarāyakarāti; evamayaṃ avijjāya nivuto andhīkato taṇhāya saṃvuto baddho assutavā puthujjano andho viya baddho mahākantāraṃ, saṃsārakantāraṃ nātivattati. Anatthuppattihetudvayadassanatthampi dvayaṃ dvidhā vuttaṃ. Avijjāgato hi puggalo bālabhāvena atthaṃ parihāpeti, anatthañca attano karoti, akusalo viya āturo asappāyakiriyāya. Jānantopi bālo bālabhāvena atthaṃ parihāpeti, anatthañca karoti jānanto viya rogī asappāyasevī. Makkaṭālepopamasuttaṃ cetassa atthassa sādhakaṃ.

Paṭiccasamuppādassa mūlakāraṇadassanatthampettha dvayaṃ dvidhā vuttaṃ. Visesena hi sammohassa balavabhāvato avijjākhettaṃ atīto addhā, patthanāya balavabhāvato taṇhākhettaṃ anāgato addhā. Tathā hi bālajano sammohabahulo atītamanusocati, tassa avijjāpaccayā saṅkhārāti sabbaṃ netabbaṃ. Patthanābahulo anāgataṃ pajappati, tassa taṇhāpaccayā upādānantiādi sabbaṃ netabbaṃ. Teneva tāsaṃ pubbantāharaṇena aparantapaṭisandhānena cassa yathākkamaṃ mūlakāraṇatā dassitāti veditabbanti.

Gāthāsu taṇhādutiyoti taṇhāsahāyo. Taṇhā hi nirudakakantāre marīcikāya udakasaññā viya pipāsābhibhūtaṃ appaṭikāradukkhābhibhūtampi sattaṃ assādasandassanavasena sahāyakiccaṃ karontī bhavādīsu anibbindaṃ katvā paribbhamāpeti, tasmā taṇhā purisassa ‘‘dutiyā’’ti vuttā. Nanu ca aññepi kilesādayo bhavābhinibbattiyā paccayāva? Saccametaṃ, na pana tathā visesappaccayo yathā taṇhā. Tathā hi sā kusalehi vinā akusalehi, kāmāvacarādikusalehi ca vinā rūpāvacarādikusalehi bhavanibbattiyā visesappaccayo, yato samudayasaccanti vuccatīti. Itthabhāvaññathābhāvanti itthabhāvo ca aññathābhāvo ca itthabhāvaññathābhāvo. So etassa atthīti itthabhāvaññathābhāvo saṃsāro, taṃ tattha itthabhāvo manussattaṃ, aññathābhāvo tato avasiṭṭhasattāvāsā. Itthabhāvo vā tesaṃ tesaṃ sattānaṃ paccuppanno attabhāvo, aññathābhāvo anāgatattabhāvo. Evarūpo vā aññopi attabhāvo itthabhāvo, na evarūpo aññathābhāvo. Taṃ itthabhāvaññathābhāvaṃ saṃsāraṃ khandhadhātuāyatanapaṭipāṭiṃ nātivattati, na atikkamati.

Etamādīnavaṃ ñatvā, taṇhaṃ dukkhassa sambhavanti etaṃ sakalavaṭṭadukkhassa sambhavaṃ samudayaṃ taṇhaṃ ādīnavaṃ ādīnavato ñatvāti attho. Atha vā etamādīnavaṃ ñatvāti etaṃ yathāvuttaṃ saṃsāranātivattanaṃ ādīnavaṃ dosaṃ ñatvā. Taṇhaṃ dukkhassa sambhavanti taṇhañca vuttanayena vaṭṭadukkhassa padhānakāraṇanti ñatvā. Vītataṇho anādāno, sato bhikkhu, paribbajeti evaṃ tīhi pariññāhi parijānanto vipassanaṃ vaḍḍhetvā maggapaṭipāṭiyā taṇhaṃ vigamento aggamaggena sabbaso vītataṇho vigatataṇho, tato eva catūsu upādānesu kassacipi abhāvena āyatiṃ paṭisandhisaṅkhātassa vā ādānassa abhāvena anādāno, sativepullappattiyā sabbattha satokāritāya sato bhinnakileso bhikkhu paribbaje careyya, khandhaparinibbānena vā saṅkhārappavattito apagaccheyyāti attho.

16.Chaṭṭhe sekhassāti ettha kenaṭṭhena sekho? Sekkhadhammapaṭilābhato sekho. Vuttañhetaṃ –

‘‘Kittāvatā nu kho, bhante, sekho hotīti? Idha, bhikkhu, sekhāya sammādiṭṭhiyā samannāgato hoti…pe… sekhena sammāsamādhinā samannāgato hoti. Ettāvatā kho, bhikkhu, sekho hotī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.13).

Apica sikkhatīti sekho. Vuttampi cetaṃ –

‘‘Sikkhatīti kho, bhikkhu, tasmā sekhoti vuccati. Kiñca sikkhati? Adhisīlampi sikkhati, adhicittampi sikkhati, adhipaññampi sikkhati. Sikkhatīti kho, bhikkhu, tasmā sekhoti vuccatī’’ti (a. ni. 3.86).

Yopi kalyāṇaputhujjano anulomappaṭipadāya paripūrakārī sīlasampanno indriyesu guttadvāro bhojane mattaññū jāgariyānuyogamanuyutto pubbarattāpararattaṃ bodhipakkhiyānaṃ dhammānaṃ bhāvanānuyogamanuyutto viharati – ‘‘ajja vā sve vā aññataraṃ sāmaññaphalaṃ adhigamissāmī’’ti, sopi vuccati sikkhatīti sekhoti. Imasmiṃ atthe na paṭivijjhantova sekho adhippeto, atha kho kalyāṇaputhujjanopi. Appattaṃ mānasaṃ etenāti appattamānaso. Mānasanti ‘‘antalikkhacaro pāso, yvāyaṃ carati mānaso’’ti (saṃ. ni. 1.151; mahāva. 33) ettha rāgo mānasanti vutto. ‘‘Cittaṃ mano mānasa’’nti (dha. sa. 63, 65) ettha cittaṃ. ‘‘Appattamānaso sekho, kālaṃ kayirā jane sutā’’ti (saṃ. ni. 1.159) ettha arahattaṃ. Idhāpi arahattameva adhippetaṃ. Tena appattaarahattassāti vuttaṃ hoti.

Anuttaranti seṭṭhaṃ, asadisanti attho. Catūhi yogehi khemaṃ anupaddutanti yogakkhemaṃ, arahattameva adhippetaṃ. Patthayamānassāti dve patthanā taṇhāpatthanā, kusalacchandapatthanā ca. ‘‘Patthayamānassa hi jappitāni, pavedhitaṃ vāpi pakappitesū’’ti (su. ni. 908; mahāni. 137) ettha taṇhāpatthanā.

‘‘Chinnaṃ pāpimato sotaṃ, viddhastaṃ vinaḷīkataṃ;

Pāmojjabahulā hotha, khemaṃ patthetha bhikkhavo’’ti. (ma. ni. 1.352);

Ettha kattukamyatākusalacchandapatthanā, ayameva idhādhippetā. Tena patthayamānassāti taṃ yogakkhemaṃ gantukāmassa tanninnassa tappoṇassa tappabbhārassāti attho. Viharatoti ekaṃ iriyāpathadukkhaṃ aññena iriyāpathena vicchinditvā aparipatantaṃ attabhāvaṃ harato. Atha vā ‘‘sabbe saṅkhārā aniccāti adhimuccanto saddhāya viharatī’’tiādinā niddesanayena cettha attho daṭṭhabbo. Ajjhattikanti niyakajjhattasaṅkhāte ajjhatte bhavaṃ ajjhattikaṃ. Aṅganti kāraṇaṃ. Iti karitvāti evaṃ katvā. Na aññaṃ ekaṅgampi samanupassāmīti ettha ayaṃ saṅkhepattho – bhikkhave, ajjhattaṃ attano santāne samuṭṭhitaṃ kāraṇanti katvā aññaṃ ekakāraṇampi na samanupassāmi yaṃ evaṃ bahūpakāraṃ, yathayidaṃ yoniso manasikāroti upāyamanasikāro, pathamanasikāro, aniccādīsu aniccādinayeneva manasikāro, aniccānulomikena vā cittassa āvaṭṭanā anvāvaṭṭanā ābhogo samannāhāro manasikāro. Ayaṃ yoniso manasikāro.

Idāni yoniso manasikārassa ānubhāvaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘yoniso, bhikkhave, bhikkhu manasi karonto akusalaṃ pajahati, kusalaṃ bhāvetī’’ti vuttaṃ. Tattha yoniso manasi karontoti ‘‘idaṃ dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ, ayaṃ dukkhasamudayo ariyasaccaṃ, ayaṃ dukkhanirodho ariyasaccaṃ, ayaṃ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā ariyasacca’’nti catūsu ariyasaccesu yoniso manasikāraṃ pavattento.

Tatrāyaṃ atthavibhāvanā – yadipi idaṃ suttaṃ avisesena sekkhapuggalavasena āgataṃ, catumaggasādhāraṇavasena pana saṅkhepeneva kammaṭṭhānaṃ kathayissāma. Yo catusaccakammaṭṭhāniko yogāvacaro ‘‘taṇhāvajjā tebhūmakā khandhā dukkhaṃ, taṇhā samudayo, ubhinnaṃ appavatti nirodho, nirodhasampāpako maggo’’ti evaṃ pubbe eva ācariyasantike uggahitacatusaccakammaṭṭhāno. So aparena samayena vipassanāmaggaṃ samāruḷho samāno tebhūmake khandhe ‘‘idaṃ dukkha’’nti yoniso manasi karoti, upāyena pathena samannāharati ceva vipassati ca. Vipassanā hi idha manasikārasīsena vuttā. Yā panāyaṃ tassa dukkhassa samuṭṭhāpikā purimabhavikā taṇhā, ayaṃ dukkhasamudayoti yoniso manasi karoti. Yasmā pana idaṃ dukkhaṃ, ayañca samudayo idaṃ ṭhānaṃ patvā nirujjhanti na pavattanti, tasmā yadidaṃ nibbānaṃ nāma, ayaṃ dukkhanirodhoti yoniso manasi karoti. Nirodhasampāpakaṃ aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ, ‘‘ayaṃ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’’ti yoniso manasi karoti, upāyena pathena samannāharati ceva vipassati ca.

Tatrāyaṃ upāyo – abhiniveso nāma khandhe hoti, na vivaṭṭe, tasmā ayamattho – ‘‘imasmiṃ kāye pathavīdhātu, āpodhātū’’tiādinā (dī. ni. 2.378) nayena cattāri mahābhūtāni tadanusārena upādārūpāni ca pariggahetvā ‘‘ayaṃ rūpakkhandho’’ti vavatthapeti. Taṃ vavatthāpayato uppanne tadārammaṇe cittacetasikadhamme ‘‘ime cattāro arūpakkhandhā’’ti vavatthapeti. Tato ‘‘ime pañcakkhandhā dukkha’’nti vavatthapeti. Te pana saṅkhepato nāmañca rūpañcāti dve bhāgā honti. Idañca nāmarūpaṃ sahetu sappaccayaṃ uppajjati, tassa ayaṃ avijjābhavataṇhādiko hetu, ayaṃ āhārādiko paccayoti hetuppaccaye vavatthapeti. So tesaṃ paccayānañca paccayuppannānañca yāthāvasarasalakkhaṇaṃ vavatthapetvā ‘‘ime dhammā ahutvā bhavanti, hutvā nirujjhanti, tasmā aniccā’’ti aniccalakkhaṇaṃ āropeti, ‘‘udayabbayapaṭipīḷitattā dukkhā’’ti dukkhalakkhaṇaṃ āropeti, ‘‘avasavattanato anattā’’ti anattalakkhaṇaṃ āropeti.

Evaṃ tilakkhaṇāni āropetvā vipassanto udayabbayañāṇuppattiyā uppanne obhāsādike vipassanupakkilese ‘amaggo’ti udayabbayañāṇameva ‘‘ariyamaggassa upāyabhūto pubbabhāgamaggo’’ti maggāmaggaṃ vavatthapetvā puna udayabbayañāṇaṃ paṭipāṭiyā bhaṅgañāṇādīni ca uppādento sotāpattimaggādayo pāpuṇāti. Tasmiṃ khaṇe cattāri saccāni ekappaṭivedheneva paṭivijjhati, ekābhisamayena abhisameti. Tattha dukkhaṃ pariññāpaṭivedhena paṭivijjhanto, samudayaṃ pahānappaṭivedhena paṭivijjhanto sabbaṃ akusalaṃ pajahati, nirodhaṃ sacchikiriyāpaṭivedhena paṭivijjhanto maggaṃ bhāvanāpaṭivedhena paṭivijjhanto sabbaṃ kusalaṃ bhāveti. Ariyamaggo hi nippariyāyato kucchitasalanādiatthena kusalo, tasmiñca bhāvite sabbepi kusalā anavajjabodhipakkhiyadhammā bhāvanāpāripūriṃ gacchantīti. Evaṃ yoniso manasi karonto akusalaṃ pajahati, kusalaṃ bhāveti. Tathā hi vuttaṃ – ‘‘idaṃ dukkhanti yoniso manasi karoti, ayaṃ dukkhasamudayoti yoniso manasi karotī’’tiādi (ma. ni. 1.21). Aparampi vuttaṃ ‘‘yoniso manasikārasampannassetaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno pāṭikaṅkhaṃ – ariyaṃ aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ bhāvessati, ariyaṃ aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ bahulīkarissatī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.55).

Yoniso manasikāroti gāthāya ayaṃ saṅkhepattho – sikkhati, sikkhāpadāni tassa atthi, sikkhanasīloti vā sekho. Saṃsāre bhayaṃ ikkhatīti bhikkhu. Tassa sekhassa bhikkhuno uttamatthassa arahattassa pattiyā adhigamāya yathā yoniso manasikāro, evaṃ bahukāro bahūpakāro añño koci dhammo natthi. Kasmā? Yasmā yoniso upāyena manasikāraṃ purakkhatvā padahaṃ catubbidhasammappadhānavasena padahanto, khayaṃ dukkhassa pāpuṇe saṃkilesavaṭṭadukkhassa parikkhayaṃ pariyosānaṃ nibbānaṃ pāpuṇe adhigaccheyya, tasmā yoniso manasikāro bahukāroti.

17.Sattame bāhiranti ajjhattasantānato bahi bhavaṃ. Kalyāṇamittatāti yassa sīlādiguṇasampanno aghassa ghātā, hitassa vidhātā sabbākārena upakārako mitto hoti, so puggalo kalyāṇamitto, tassa bhāvo kalyāṇamittatā. Tatrāyaṃ kalyāṇamitto pakatiyā saddhāsampanno hoti sīlasampanno sutasampanno cāgasampanno vīriyasampanno satisampanno samādhisampanno paññāsampanno. Tattha saddhāsampattiyā saddahati tathāgatassa bodhiṃ, tena sammāsambodhihetubhūtaṃ sattesu hitasukhesitaṃ na pariccajati, sīlasampattiyā sabrahmacārīnaṃ piyo hoti garu ca bhāvanīyo codako pāpagarahī vattā vacanakkhamo, sutasampattiyā khandhāyatanasaccapaṭiccasamuppādādikānaṃ gambhīrānaṃ kathānaṃ kattā hoti, cāgasampattiyā appiccho hoti santuṭṭho pavivitto asaṃsaṭṭho, vīriyasampattiyā attano paresañca hitappaṭipattiyaṃ āraddhavīriyo hoti, satisampattiyā upaṭṭhitassati hoti paramena satinepakkena samannāgato cirakatampi cirabhāsitampi saritā anussaritā, samādhisampattiyā avikkhitto hoti samāhito ekaggacitto, paññāsampattiyā aviparītaṃ pajānāti. So satiyā kusalākusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ gatiyo samanvesanto paññāya sattānaṃ hitasukhaṃ yathābhūtaṃ jānitvā samādhinā tattha abyaggacitto hutvā vīriyena satte ahitato nisedhetvā ekantahite niyojeti. Tenevāha –

‘‘Piyo garu bhāvanīyo, vattā ca vacanakkhamo;

Gambhīrañca kathaṃ kattā, no cāṭṭhāne niyojako’’ti. (netti. 113);

Kalyāṇamitto, bhikkhave, bhikkhu akusalaṃ pajahati, kusalaṃ bhāvetīti kalyāṇamitto puggalo kalyāṇamittaṃ nissāya kammassakatāñāṇaṃ uppādeti, uppannaṃ saddhaṃ phātiṃ karoti, saddhājāto upasaṅkamati upasaṅkamitvā dhammaṃ suṇāti. Taṃ dhammaṃ sutvā tathāgate saddhaṃ paṭilabhati, tena saddhāpaṭilābhena gharāvāsaṃ pahāya pabbajjaṃ anutiṭṭhati, catupārisuddhisīlaṃ sampādeti, yathābalaṃ dhutadhamme samādāya vattati, dasakathāvatthulābhī hoti, āraddhavīriyo viharati upaṭṭhitassati sampajāno pubbarattāpararattaṃ bodhipakkhiyānaṃ dhammānaṃ bhāvanānuyogamanuyutto, nacirasseva vipassanaṃ ussukkāpetvā ariyamaggādhigamena sabbaṃ akusalaṃ samucchindati, sabbañca kusalaṃ bhāvanāpāripūriṃ gamento vaḍḍheti. Vuttañhetaṃ –

‘‘Kalyāṇamittassetaṃ, meghiya, bhikkhuno pāṭikaṅkhaṃ kalyāṇasahāyassa kalyāṇasampavaṅkassa ‘yaṃ sīlavā bhavissati, pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvuto viharissati ācāragocarasampanno, aṇumattesu vajjesu, bhayadassāvī samādāya sikkhissati, sikkhāpadesu’.

‘‘Kalyāṇamittassetaṃ…pe… kalyāṇasampavaṅkassa ‘yaṃ yāyaṃ kathā abhisallekhikā cetovivaraṇasappāyā ekantanibbidāya…pe… nibbānāya saṃvattati. Seyyathidaṃ – appicchakathā, santuṭṭhikathā, pavivekakathā, asaṃsaggakathā, vīriyārambhakathā, sīlakathā, samādhikathā…pe… vimuttiñāṇadassanakathā. Evarūpāya kathāya nikāmalābhī bhavissati akicchalābhī akasiralābhī’.

‘‘Kalyāṇamittassetaṃ …pe… kalyāṇasampavaṅkassa ‘yaṃ āraddhavīriyo viharissati akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ pahānāya kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ upasampadāya thāmavā daḷhaparakkamo anikkhittadhuro kusalesu dhammesu’.

‘‘Kalyāṇamittassetaṃ…pe… kalyāṇasampavaṅkassa ‘yaṃ paññavā bhavissati, udayatthagāminiyā paññāya samannāgato ariyāya nibbedhikāya sammā dukkhakkhayagāminiyā’’’ti (udā. 31).

Evaṃ sakalavaṭṭadukkhaparimuccananimittaṃ kalyāṇamittatāti veditabbaṃ. Tenevāha –

‘‘Mamañhi, ānanda, kalyāṇamittaṃ āgamma jātidhammā sattā jātiyā parimuccanti, jarādhammā sattā jarāya parimuccantī’’tiādi (saṃ. ni. 1.129).

Tena vuttaṃ – ‘‘kalyāṇamitto, bhikkhave, bhikkhu akusalaṃ pajahati, kusalaṃ bhāvetī’’ti.

Gāthāya sappatissoti patissavasaṅkhātena saha patissenāti sappatisso, kalyāṇamittassa ovādaṃ sirasā sampaṭicchako subbacoti attho. Atha vā hitasukhe patiṭṭhāpanena pati isetīti patisso, ovādadāyako. Garuādarayogena tena patissena saha vattatīti sappatisso, garūsu garucittīkārabahulo. Sagāravoti chabbidhenapi gāravena yutto. Karaṃ mittānaṃ vacananti kalyāṇamittānaṃ ovādaṃ karonto yathovādaṃ paṭipajjanto. Sampajānoti sattaṭṭhāniyena sampajaññena samannāgato. Patissatoti kammaṭṭhānaṃ phātiṃ, gametuṃ samatthāya satiyā patissato satokārī. Anupubbenāti sīlādivisuddhipaṭipāṭiyā, tattha ca vipassanāpaṭipāṭiyā ceva maggapaṭipāṭiyā ca. Sabbasaṃyojanakkhayanti kāmarāgasaṃyojanādīnaṃ sabbesaṃ saṃyojanānaṃ khepanato sabbasaṃyojanakkhayasaṅkhātassa ariyamaggassa pariyosānabhūtaṃ arahattaṃ, tassa ārammaṇabhūtaṃ nibbānameva vā. Pāpuṇe adhigaccheyyāti attho. Iti imesu dvīsu suttesu ariyamaggādhigamassa satthārā padhānaṅgaṃ nāma gahitanti veditabbaṃ.

18.Aṭṭhame ekadhammoti kataroyaṃ suttanikkhepo? Aṭṭhuppattiko. Tatrāyaṃ saṅkhepakathā – devadatto hi ajātasattuṃ duggahaṇaṃ gāhāpetvā tassa pitaraṃ rājānaṃ bimbisāraṃ tena mārāpetvāpi abhimāre payojetvāpi silāpavijjhanena lohituppādakammaṃ katvāpi na tāvatā pākaṭo jāto, nāḷāgiriṃ vissajjetvā pana pākaṭo jāto. Atha mahājano ‘‘evarūpampi nāma pāpaṃ gahetvā rājā vicaratī’’ti kolāhalaṃ akāsi, mahāghoso ahosi. Taṃ sutvā rājā attanā dīyamānāni pañca thālipākasatāni pacchindāpesi, upaṭṭhānampissa nāgamāsi. Nāgarāpi kulaṃ upagatassa kaṭacchubhattampissa nādaṃsu. So parihīnalābhasakkāro kohaññena jīvitukāmo satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā pañca vatthūni yācitvā ‘‘alaṃ, devadatta, yo icchati, so āraññiko hotū’’tiādinā (pārā. 409; cūḷava. 343) bhagavatā paṭikkhitto tehi pañcahi vatthūhi bālaṃ lūkhappasannaṃ janaṃ saññāpento pañcasate vajjiputtake salākaṃ gāhāpetvā saṅghaṃ bhinditvāva te ādāya gayāsīsaṃ agamāsi. Atha dve aggasāvakā satthu āṇāya tattha gantvā dhammaṃ desetvā te ariyaphale patiṭṭhāpetvā ānayiṃsu. Ye panassa saṅghabhedāya parakkamantassa laddhiṃ rocetvā tatheva paggayha ṭhitā saṅghe bhijjante bhinne ca samanuññā ahesuṃ, tesaṃ taṃ dīgharattaṃ ahitāya dukkhāya ahosi.

Devadattopi na cirasseva rogābhibhūto bāḷhagilāno maraṇakāle ‘‘satthāraṃ vandissāmī’’ti mañcakasivikāya nīyamāno jetavanapokkharaṇitīre ṭhapito pathaviyā vivare dinne patitvā avīcimhi nibbatti, yojanasatiko cassa attabhāvo ahosi kappaṭṭhiyo tālakkhandhaparimāṇehi ayasūlehi vinividdho. Devadattapakkhikāni ca pañcamattāni kulasatāni tassa laddhiyaṃ ṭhitāni saha bandhavehi niraye nibbattāni. Ekadivasaṃ bhikkhū dhammasabhāyaṃ kathaṃ samuṭṭhāpesuṃ ‘‘āvuso, devadattena saṅghaṃ bhindantena bhāriyaṃ kammaṃ kata’’nti. Atha satthā dhammasabhaṃ upagantvā ‘‘kāya nuttha, bhikkhave, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘imāya nāmā’’ti vutte saṅghabhede ādīnavaṃ dassento imaṃ suttaṃ abhāsi. Keci pana bhaṇanti ‘‘devadattassa tappakkhikānañca tathā niraye nibbattabhāvaṃ disvā saṅghabhede ādīnavaṃ dassento bhagavā attano ajjhāsayeneva imaṃ suttaṃ desesī’’ti.

Tattha ekadhammoti eko akusalo mahāsāvajjadhammo. Loketi sattaloke. Uppajjamāno uppajjatīti ettha bhedasaṃvattanikesu bhaṇḍanādīsu saṅghe uppannesupi ‘‘dhammo adhammo’’tiādīsu aṭṭhārasabhedakaravatthūsu yassa kassaci dīpanavasena voharantesupi tattha rucijananatthaṃ anussāventesupi anussāvetvā salākāya gāhitāyapi saṅghabhedo uppajjamāno nāma hoti, salākāya pana gāhitāya cattāro vā atirekā vā yadā āveṇikaṃ uddesaṃ vā saṅghakammaṃ vā karonti, tadā saṅghabhedo uppajjati nāma. Kate pana tasmiṃ saṅghabhedo uppanno nāma? Kammaṃ, uddeso, vohāro, anussāvanā, salākaggāhoti imesu hi pañcasu saṅghassa bhedakāraṇesu kammaṃ vā uddeso vā pamāṇaṃ, vohārānussāvanasalākaggāhā pana pubbabhāgāti.

Bahujanāhitāyātiādīsu 0.mahājanassa jhānamaggādisampattinivāraṇena ahitāya, saggasampattinivāraṇena asukhāya, apāyūpapattihetubhāvena anatthāya. Akusaladhammavasena vā ahitāya, hitamattassapi abhāvā sugatiyampi nibbattanakakāyikacetasikadukkhāya uppajjatīti sambandho. Devamanussānanti idaṃ ‘‘bahuno janassā’’ti vuttesu ukkaṭṭhapuggalaniddeso. Aparo nayo – bahujanāhitāyāti bahujanassa mahato sattakāyassa ahitatthāya, diṭṭhadhammikasamparāyikaanatthāyāti attho. Asukhāyāti diṭṭhadhammikasamparāyikaasukhatthāya, duvidhadukkhatthāyāti attho. Anatthāyāti paramatthapaṭikkhepāya. Nibbānañhi paramattho, tato uttariṃ attho natthi. Ahitāyāti maggapaṭikkhepāya. Nibbānasampāpakamaggato hi uttariṃ hitaṃ nāma natthi. Dukkhāyāti ariyasukhavirādhanena vaṭṭadukkhatāya. Ye hi ariyasukhato viraddhā taṃ adhigantuṃ abhabbā, te vaṭṭadukkhe paribbhamanti, ariyasukhato ca uttariṃ sukhaṃ nāma natthi. Vuttañhetaṃ ‘‘ayaṃ samādhi paccuppannasukho ceva āyatiñca sukhavipāko’’ti (dī. ni. 3.355; a. ni. 5.27).

Idāni ‘‘saṅghabhedo’’ti sarūpato dassetvā tassa ahitādīnaṃ ekantahetubhāvaṃ pakāsetuṃ ‘‘saṅghe kho pana, bhikkhave, bhinne’’tiādimāha. Tattha bhinneti nimittatthe bhummaṃ yathā ‘‘adhanānaṃ dhane ananuppadīyamāne’’ti (dī. ni. 3.91), bhedahetūti attho. Aññamaññaṃ bhaṇḍanānīti catunnaṃ parisānaṃ tappakkhikānañca ‘‘eso dhammo, neso dhammo’’ti aññamaññaṃ vivadanāni. Bhaṇḍanañhi kalahassa pubbabhāgo. Paribhāsāti ‘‘idañcidañca vo anatthaṃ karissāmā’’ti bhayuppādanavasena tajjanā. Parikkhepāti jātiādivasena parito khepā, dasahi akkosavatthūhi khuṃsanavambhanā. Pariccajanāti ukkhepaniyakammakaraṇādivasena nissāraṇā. Tatthāti tasmiṃ saṅghabhede, tannimitte vā bhaṇḍanādike. Appasannāti ratanattayaguṇānaṃ anabhiññā. Na pasīdantīti ‘‘dhammacārino samacārino’’tiādinā yvāyaṃ bhikkhūsu pasādanākāro, tathā na pasīdanti, tesaṃ vā sotabbaṃ saddhātabbaṃ na maññanti. Tathā ca dhamme satthari ca appasannāva honti. Ekaccānaṃ aññathattanti puthujjanānaṃ aviruḷhasaddhānaṃ pasādaññathattaṃ.

Gāthāyaṃ āpāyikotiādīsu apāye nibbattanārahatāya āpāyiko. Tatthapi avīcisaṅkhāte mahāniraye uppajjatīti nerayiko. Ekaṃ antarakappaṃ paripuṇṇameva katvā tattha tiṭṭhatīti kappaṭṭho. Saṅghabhedasaṅkhāte vagge ratoti vaggarato. Adhammiyatāya adhammo. Bhedakaravatthūhi saṅghabhedasaṅkhāte eva ca adhamme ṭhitoti adhammaṭṭho. Yogakkhemā padhaṃsatīti yogakkhemato hitato padhaṃsati parihāyati, catūhi vā yogehi anupaddutattā yogakkhemaṃ nāma arahattaṃ nibbānañca, tato panassa dhaṃsane vattabbameva natthi. Diṭṭhisīlasāmaññato saṃhataṭṭhena saṅghaṃ, tato eva ekakammādividhānayogena samaggaṃ sahitaṃ. Bhetvānāti pubbe vuttalakkhaṇena saṅghabhedena bhinditvā. Kappanti āyukappaṃ. So panettha antarakappova. Nirayamhīti avīcimahānirayamhi.

19.Navame ekadhammoti eko kusaladhammo anavajjadhammo. ‘‘Ayaṃ dhammo, nāyaṃ dhammo’’tiādinā sace saṅghe vivādo uppajjeyya, tattha dhammakāmena viññunā iti paṭisañcikkhitabbaṃ ‘‘ṭhānaṃ kho, panetaṃ vijjati, yadidaṃ vivādo vaḍḍhamāno saṅgharājiyā vā saṅghabhedāya vā saṃvatteyyā’’ti. Sace taṃ adhikaraṇaṃ attanā paggahetvā ṭhito, aggiṃ akkantena viya sahasā tato oramitabbaṃ. Atha parehi taṃ paggahitaṃ sayañcetaṃ sakkoti vūpasametuṃ, ussāhajāto hutvā dūrampi gantvā tathā paṭipajjitabbaṃ, yathā taṃ vūpasammati. Sace pana sayaṃ na sakkoti, so ca vivādo uparūpari vaḍḍhateva, na vūpasammati. Ye tattha patirūpā sikkhākāmā sabrahmacārino, te ussāhetvā yena dhammena yena vinayena yena satthusāsanena taṃ adhikaraṇaṃ yathā vūpasammati, tathā vūpasametabbaṃ. Evaṃ vūpasamentassa yo saṅghasāmaggikaro kusalo dhammo, ayamettha ekadhammoti adhippeto. So hi ubhatopakkhiyānaṃ dveḷhakajātānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ, tesaṃ anuvattanavasena ṭhitānaṃ bhikkhunīnaṃ upāsakānaṃ upāsikānaṃ tesaṃ ārakkhadevatānaṃ yāvadeva brahmānampi uppajjanārahaṃ ahitaṃ dukkhāvahaṃ saṃkilesadhammaṃ apanetvā mahato puññarāsissa kusalābhisandassa hetubhāvato sadevakassa lokassa hitasukhāvaho hoti. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘ekadhammo, bhikkhave, loke uppajjamāno uppajjati bahujanahitāyā’’tiādi. Tassattho anantarasutte vuttavipariyāyena veditabbo. Saṅghasāmaggīti saṅghassa samaggabhāvo bhedābhāvo ekakammatā ekuddesatā ca.

Gāthāyaṃ sukhā saṅghassa sāmaggīti sukhassa paccayabhāvato sāmaggī sukhāti vuttā. Yathā ‘‘sukho buddhānamuppādo’’ti (dha. pa. 194). Samaggānañcanuggahoti samaggānaṃ sāmaggianumodanena anuggaṇhanaṃ sāmaggianurūpaṃ, yathā te sāmaggiṃ na vijahanti, tathā gahaṇaṃ ṭhapanaṃ anubalappadānanti attho. Saṅghaṃ samaggaṃ katvānāti bhinnaṃ saṅghaṃ rājipattaṃ vā samaggaṃ sahitaṃ katvā. Kappanti āyukappameva. Saggamhi modatīti kāmāvacaradevaloke aññe deve dasahi ṭhānehi abhibhavitvā dibbasukhaṃ anubhavanto icchitanipphattiyāva modati pamodati lalati kīḷatīti.

20.Dasamassa kā uppatti? Aṭṭhuppattiyeva. Ekadivasaṃ kira bhikkhū dhammasabhāyaṃ sannisinnā kathaṃ samuṭṭhāpesuṃ – ‘‘āvuso, idhekacco bahuṃ puññakammaṃ karoti, ekacco bahuṃ pāpakammaṃ, ekacco ubhayavomissakaṃ karoti. Tattha vomissakārino kīdiso abhisamparāyo’’ti? Atha satthā dhammasabhaṃ upaganvā paññattavarabuddhāsane nisinno taṃ kathaṃ sutvā ‘‘bhikkhave, maraṇāsannakāle saṃkiliṭṭhacittassa duggati pāṭikaṅkhā’’ti dassento imāya aṭṭhuppattiyā idaṃ suttaṃ desesi.

Tattha idhāti desāpadese nipāto. Svāyaṃ katthaci padesaṃ upādāya vuccati ‘‘idheva tiṭṭhamānassa, devabhūtassa me sato’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 2.369). Katthaci sāsanaṃ upādāya ‘‘idheva, bhikkhave, samaṇo idha dutiyo samaṇo’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.139; a. ni. 4.241). Katthaci padapūraṇamatte ‘‘idhāhaṃ, bhikkhave, bhuttāvī assaṃ pavārito’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.30). Katthaci lokaṃ upādāya vuccati ‘‘idha tathāgato loke uppajjatī’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 3.61). Idhāpi loke eva daṭṭhabbo. Ekaccanti ekaṃ, aññataranti attho. Puggalanti sattaṃ. So hi yathāpaccayaṃ kusalākusalānaṃ tabbipākānañca pūraṇato maraṇavasena galanato ca puggaloti vuccati. Paduṭṭhacittanti padosena āghātena duṭṭhacittaṃ. Atha vā paduṭṭhacittanti dosena rāgādinā padūsitacittaṃ. Ettha ca ekaccanti idaṃ paduṭṭhacittassa puggalassa visesanaṃ. Yassa hi paṭisandhidāyakakammaṃ okāsamakāsi, so tathā vutto. Yassa ca akusalappavattito cittaṃ nivattetvā kusalavasena otāretuṃ na sakkā, evaṃ āsannamaraṇo. Evanti idāni vattabbākāraṃ dasseti. Cetasāti attano cittena cetopariyañāṇena. Cetoti tassa puggalassa cittaṃ. Pariccāti paricchinditvā pajānāmi. Nanu ca yathākammupagañāṇassāyaṃ visayoti? Saccametaṃ, tadā pavattamānaakusalacittavasena panetaṃ vuttaṃ.

Imamhi cāyaṃ samayeti imasmiṃ kāle, imāyaṃ vā paccayasāmaggiyaṃ, ayaṃ puggalo javanavīthiyā aparabhāge kālaṃ kareyya ceti attho. Na hi javanakkhaṇe kālaṃkiriyā atthi. Yathābhataṃ nikkhitto evaṃ nirayeti yathā ābhataṃ kiñci āharitvā ṭhapitaṃ, evaṃ attano kammunā nikkhitto niraye ṭhapito evāti attho. Kāyassa bhedāti upādinnakkhandhapariccāgā. Paraṃ maraṇāti tadanantaraṃ abhinibbattakkhandhaggahaṇe. Atha vā kāyassa bhedāti jīvitindriyassa upacchedā. Paraṃ maraṇāti cutito uddhaṃ.

Apāyantiādi sabbaṃ nirayasseva vevacanaṃ. Nirayo hi ayasaṅkhātā sukhā apetoti apāyo; saggamokkhahetubhūtā vā puññasammatā ayā apetotipi apāyo. Dukkhassa gati paṭisaraṇanti duggati; dosabahulattā vā duṭṭhena kammunā nibbattā gatītipi duggati. Vivasā nipatanti ettha dukkaṭakammakārino, vinassantā vā ettha nipatanti sambhijjamānaṅgapaccaṅgāti vinipāto. Natthi ettha assādasaññito ayoti nirassādaṭṭhena nirayo. Atha vā apāyaggahaṇena tiracchānayoni vuccati. Tiracchānayoni hi apāyo sugatito apetattā, na duggati mahesakkhānaṃ nāgarājādīnaṃ sambhavato. Duggatiggahaṇena pettivisayo. So hi apāyo ceva duggati ca sugatito apetattā dukkhassa ca gatibhūtattā, na vinipāto asurasadisaṃ avinipātattā. Vinipātaggahaṇena asurakāyo. So hi yathāvuttena atthena apāyo ceva duggati ca, sabbasampattisamussayehi vinipatitattā vinipātoti ca vuccati. Nirayaggahaṇena avīciādianekappakāro nirayova vuccati. Idha pana sabbapadehipi nirayova vutto. Upapajjantīti paṭisandhiṃ gaṇhanti.

Gāthāsu paṭhamagāthā saṅgītikāle dhammasaṅgāhakattherehi ṭhapitā. Ñatvānāti pubbakālakiriyā. Ñāṇapubbakañhi byākaraṇaṃ. Hetuattho vā tvā-saddo yathā ‘‘sīhaṃ disvā bhayaṃ hotī’’ti, jānanahetūti attho. Buddho, bhikkhūnaṃ santiketi buddho bhagavā attano santike bhikkhūnaṃ etaṃ parato dvīhi gāthāhi vuccamānaṃ atthaṃ byākāsi. Sesaṃ vuttanayameva.